Translation Method

•Translating is an activity when someone (translator) transfers a language in a text form or source language (SL) to another language or target language (TL) accurately.

•Accuracy is needed in the process of translating in order to make the good result of the translation.

•Catford (1965, p. 20) states that translation means replacing a textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in other language (TL).

•Newmark (1988, p. 5) states that “translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text.

•Catford (1965, p.20) explains that “translation is the replacement of a textual material in one language (source language) by equivalent textual material in another language (target language).”

•Roger T. Bell (1991, p. 6) states that “translation is the replacement of a representation of a text in one language by a representation of an equivalent text in a second language.”

•In translating, a translator should carefully keep attention for every word that is translated because it will influence the equivalence meaning between SL and TL on its translation.

•To translate a text from source language into target language, the translator should consider the process of translating.

•Nida as cited in Hatim and Munday (2004, p. 45) argues that the translator should:

1.Analysis the SL message into simplest and structurally clearest forms;

2.Transfer the message;

3.Restructures the message in the TL to the level which is most appropriate for the audience addressed.

•Newmark (1988, p. 45) explores that “there are eight types of translation method: word-for-word, literal, faithful, semantic, adaptation, free, idiomatic, and communicative.”

Eight types of Translation Method

SL Emphasis                                                           TL Emphasis

 Word-for-Word Translation                           Adaption Translation

     Literal Translation                                         Free Translation

           Faithful Translation                        Idiomatic Translation

           Semantic Translation                          Communicative Translation

Word for Word Translation

•Newmark (1988, p. 46) says that “the main use of word-for-word translation is either to understand the mechanics of the source language or construe a difficult text as a pre translation process.”

•Example:

  (SL) I can run.

  (TL) Saya bisa lari.

Literal Translation

•Newmark (1988, p. 46) states that “in literal translation, the SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest TL equivalents but the lexical words are again translated singly, out of context. It means that when the translator translates, the words are translated literally from SL into TL.”

• Example:

  (SL) Jangan bawa hatiku.

  (TL) Don’t bring my heart.

Faithful Translation 

•Newmark (1988, p. 46) says that “a faithful translation attempts to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the original within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures. It means that in faithful translation, the translator translates the meaning from SL to convey the researcher's intention.”

• Example:

  (SL) Raden Ajeng Kartini adalah orang Jawa.

  (TL) Raden Ajeng Kartini is a Javanesse.

Semantic Translation

•Newmark (1988, p. 46) states that “semantic translation may translate less important cultural words by culturally neutral third or functional terms but not by cultural equivalents and it may make other small concessions to the readership.”

• Example:

  (SL) Dia adalah orang yang gemar belanja.

  (TL) She is a shopaholic

Adaptation Translation 

•Newmark (1988, p. 46) says that “this is the freest form translation. It is used to translate literary works (comedies, poetry, short story, narrative, etc.) and the SL culture is converted to the TL culture and the text rewritten.”

• Example:

    (SL) The rising sun is found not to be rising sun.

  It is the world which goes around.

   (TL) Matahari terbit ternyata bukan matahari terbit.

  Dunialah yang sebenarnya mengorbit.

Free Translation

•Newmark (1988, p. 46) states that “free translation is part of in TL Emphasis which reproduces the matter without the manner, or the content without the form of the original.”

•Example:

  (SL) Killing two birds with one stones

  (TL) Sambil menyelam minum air.

Idiomatic Translation

•Idiomatic translation reproduces the 'message' of the original but tends to distort nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialisms and idioms where these do not exist in the original.

•Example:

    (SL) Ini sangat mudah.

    (TL) It’s a piece of cake.

Communicative Translation

•Communicative translation tries to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership.

•Example:

  (SL) Awas ada anjing! 

  (TL) Beware of dog!