A handbook Academic Writing

Most students need to write essays and reports for exams and coursework. Yet writing good academic English is a demanding task. This new edition of Academic Writing has been fully revised to help students reach this goal. Clearly organised, the course explains the writing process from start to finish. Each stage is demonstrated and practised, from selecting suitable sources, reading, note-making and planning through to re-writing and proofreading.

Word Formation

In linguistics, word formation is the creation of a new word. Word formation is sometimes contrasted with semantic change,which is a changein a single words meaning.

Types of Word Formation

1. Compounding
2. Conversion
3. Clipping
4. Blends
5. Backformation
6. Acronyms
7. Onomatopoeia
8. Eponyms

Administering The Test

Most good standard tests include fairly detailed instructions for examiners or testing supervisors, usually in the form of separate manual

If the teacher is preparing his owned test, use the following outline:

1.Selecting the testing room.  Testing must be conducted in a quiet, well-lighted room located where there will be a minimum of outside noise and interference.

2.Checking materials and equipment

3. Reading test materials in Advance

Conducting the testing preliminaries

1.Seating the examinees

2.Calling the examination to order (rule of the game)

3.Distributing the test materials

4.Instructing examinees on filling out the answer sheet (tester explain how the answer sheet to be filled out)

5.Giving test directions (give clear, complete directions to the testee, read it aloud, answer testee’s questions about directions, paraphrase the direction, etc. (pg. 119))

Equivalence of Translation

Textual Equivalence

•Textual equivalence refers to the equivalence between SL text and TL text in terms of information and cohesion.

•Texture is a very important feature in translation since it provides useful guidelines for the comprehension and analysis of the ST which can help the translator in his or her attempt to produce a cohesive and coherent text for the TT audience in a specific context.

•It is up to the translator to decide whether or not to maintain the cohesive ties as well as the coherence of the SL text.

•His or her decision will be guided by three main factors including the target audience, the purpose of the translation, and the text type.

•Example:  (SL) We'll catch him. . . .

            (TL)  Kita pergoki dia...

Explanation ...

Translation Method

•Translating is an activity when someone (translator) transfers a language in a text form or source language (SL) to another language or target language (TL) accurately.

•Accuracy is needed in the process of translating in order to make the good result of the translation.

•Catford (1965, p. 20) states that translation means replacing a textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in other language (TL).

English Idioms

English Idioms

What are idioms?

¡Idioms are expressions which have a meaning that is not obvious from the individual words.

¡The best way to understand an idiom is to see it in context.

¡Most idioms are fixed in their form and cannot be changed or varied.

¡As it can be difficult to work out what an idiom means, you will often need to look them up in a dictionary.